The Focus of this Lesson is on Pronouns that Indicate Ownership or Possession.
Di mana topi saya?
"Where's my hat?"

In Indonesian, possessive pronouns denote belonging. The structure is the noun, plus the pronoun. This is the reverse of English. Below is a chart with each pronoun with their English translation.

Tips: Please note that when you have more than one of the same item, you can repeat the noun twice to indicate that it's a plural noun. For example, buku means "book;" buku-buku means "books."

Examples from the dialogue:

1. Di mana topi saya?
   "Where's my hat?
2. Bukan, itu topi kamu.
   "No, that's your hat."

For example:

1. Ini buku saya.
   "This is my book."
2. Ini buku kamu.
   "This is your book."
3. Ini buku kami.
   "This is our book."
4. Ini buku dia.
   "This is his/her book."
5. Ini buku mereka.
   "This is their book."
6. Ini bukan tas saya.
   "This is not my bag."
7. Ini uang kembalian kamu.
   "This is your change."
8. Ini buku-buku saya.
   "These are my books."
9. Apakah ini sepatu-sepatu kamu?
   "Are these are your shoes?" 

When the noun is plural, you can indicate plurality by saying the word "all," instead of repeating the noun twice. This is used in more casual situations. 

Sample Sentences

1. Ini semua buku saya.
   "All of these are my books."
2. Ini semua sepatu kamu?
   "Are all of these your shoes?"

topi saya ("my hat")

The first word in this phrase, topi, means "hat." The second word saya is a possessive pronoun meaning "I; me; my; or mine;" in this case it means "my."

Here's a sentence using this phrase: Topi saya ketinggalan di rumah., meaning, "I forgot my hat at home."

Please note that, unlike English, pronouns are placed after the noun in Indonesian. The noun topi can be substituted for another objects in the phrase. 

When you have plural nouns, such as when you have two hats, you simply state the noun twice. For example, topi-topi saya means "my hats."

musim panas ("summer")

Musim means "season," and panas means "hot." Altogether, it means "hot season," or more appropriately, "summer." In Indonesia, the adjective is placed after the noun, for a structure that is literally written as "season hot." 

Because Indonesia has a tropical climate, it has two main seasons-dry and wet. The summer months are dry, but this season is not called "summer;" instead, it's referred to as musim kemarau, or the "dry season." The wet season is called musim hujan.

To describe "summer," as it would be in a temperate climate with four seasons, use musim panas. For example, pada musim panas, banyak orang yang berjemur di pantai Bondi; meaning "In the summer, many people are sunbathing on Bondi beach." "Spring" is musim semi; "fall" is musim gugur; and "winter" is musim dingin. 

panas sekali ("very hot")

Panas is an adjective meaning "hot," and sekali is an intensifier meaning "very." Unlike in English, the intensifier sekali, meaning "very," is placed after the adjective for a structure that is written as "hot very."

Panas is used to describe the temperature of an object; it does not refer to a spicy taste or popular object.  For example, kopi ini panas sekali, meaning, "This coffee is very hot." The opposite is "very cold," or dingin sekali, with dingin meaning "cold." "Very warm" is hangat sekali. 

Summer in Indonesia

Indonesia sits on the equator, a location resulting in a climate that's hot and tropical year round. The average temperature is 25°C to 32°C (77°F to 89°F). Unlike temperate climates that generally have four seasons in the year, Indonesia's climate only has two seasons: a dry season (musim kemarau) and a wet season (musim hujan). The dry season occurs between May and September, with the wet season between October and April. The wet season is characterized by frequent rain showers, humidity, and even flash flooding. For this reason, the peak tourist season occurs during the dry season when the weather is more predictable and comfortable.